• Typographical, grammatical, or formatting errors that affect the interpretation of the article.
• Incorrect author names, affiliations, or article metadata.
• Errors in tables, figures, equations, references, or numerical values.
• Minor factual or technical errors that do not change the principal conclusions.
• Other errors that require formal clarification to maintain an accurate scholarly record.

Correction requests may be submitted by authors, readers, reviewers, or other parties who identify a significant error. The request should identify the article, describe the error clearly, explain its potential impact, and provide supporting evidence or the proposed correction where applicable.

The Editor evaluates the reported error and determines whether a formal correction is necessary. When appropriate, the Editor may consult the authors, reviewers, editorial board members, or relevant subject experts before reaching a decision.

Approved corrections are published transparently and linked to the original article whenever technically possible. The correction notice identifies the affected article, describes the error, and provides the corrected information. The original publication record remains traceable.

If an error substantially affects the validity, interpretation, or reliability of the research, a correction may not be sufficient. The Editor will assess whether another editorial action, including retraction, is more appropriate.