• Substantial evidence that the research findings are unreliable.
• Fabrication or falsification of research data or results.
• Serious plagiarism or unauthorized use of another person's work.
• Duplicate or redundant publication that significantly compromises the publication record.
• Serious citation manipulation or other publication misconduct.
• Major undisclosed conflicts of interest that materially affect the research.
• Unethical research practices or absence of required ethical oversight.
• Other serious violations that undermine the integrity of the published work.

The Editor assesses allegations carefully and fairly. Authors may be asked to provide explanations, supporting documents, original data, ethical approval information, or other relevant evidence. Where necessary, the journal may consult reviewers, editorial board members, institutional representatives, or independent experts.

The retraction decision is made by the Editor based on the available evidence and seriousness of the identified issue. Authors may be informed of the decision and given an opportunity to respond. The final editorial decision remains the responsibility of the journal.

When an article is retracted, the journal publishes a clear retraction notice identifying the article and explaining the reason for the action. The notice is permanently linked to the original publication record whenever technically possible.

A retracted article generally remains part of the journal's publication record, but its status must be clearly identified as retracted. The article should remain traceable to preserve transparency and maintain an accurate scholarly record.