• Copying text directly without quotation and citation.
• Paraphrasing another source without appropriate attribution.
• Presenting another researcher's idea or methodology as original.
• Using tables, figures, images, datasets, or code without proper acknowledgment.
• Reusing substantial portions of one's own previously published work without disclosure.
• Translating material from another language without acknowledging the original source.

Submitted manuscripts may undergo similarity screening using appropriate plagiarism-detection tools. A similarity score is not, by itself, a determination of plagiarism. The Editorial Office may examine the context, source of overlap, type of material, citation practices, and extent of similarity before determining an appropriate editorial action.

If substantial plagiarism is identified after publication, the journal may investigate the matter and take appropriate corrective action, including publication of a correction, expression of concern, or retraction where justified.