The journal is committed to maintaining the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of the published scholarly record. When errors, inaccuracies, or omissions are identified in a published article, the journal will assess the matter carefully and take appropriate corrective action in accordance with the nature and significance of the issue.

Authors, readers, editors, reviewers, and other interested parties are encouraged to notify the journal when they identify a factual, methodological, editorial, or other error that may affect the accuracy or interpretation of a published article. Any correction request should provide sufficient information and, where possible, supporting evidence to allow the editorial team to evaluate the concern.

Minor errors that do not affect the overall findings, interpretation, or scholarly integrity of an article may be corrected through a formal correction notice or an appropriate amendment to the published record. Corrections will be made transparently so that readers can identify the nature of the change without compromising the integrity of the original publication.

Substantive errors that materially affect the results, conclusions, interpretation, or reliability of an article will be carefully investigated. Depending on the circumstances, the journal may publish a correction, clarification, or other editorial notice. Where the reliability of the article as a whole is seriously compromised, retraction may be considered in accordance with the journal's retraction procedures.

The journal may issue an Expression of Concern when there are serious or unresolved concerns about the integrity or reliability of a published article, but the available information is not yet sufficient to determine whether a correction or retraction is appropriate. An Expression of Concern may remain part of the published record while an investigation or clarification is undertaken.

Corrections are not intended to conceal or remove the original publication history. Where appropriate, the original article will remain accessible with a clear indication that a correction or other post-publication notice has been issued. The correction notice will identify the affected article and describe the nature of the correction in a transparent manner.

If an error is identified by the authors after publication, the authors should promptly inform the journal and provide a clear explanation of the error and the proposed correction. The journal will independently assess the information and determine the appropriate editorial action.

Where a correction involves authorship, affiliation, funding information, conflict of interest, acknowledgments, ethical approval, or other important publication metadata, the journal may request supporting documentation or confirmation from the relevant authors or institutions before making a change to the published record.

Corrections will not normally be used to make substantive changes to a published article that would alter its scholarly meaning without appropriate editorial assessment. Any significant post-publication modification will be handled transparently and in a manner that preserves the reliability and traceability of the scholarly record.

The journal will handle correction requests fairly and objectively, without discrimination or preferential treatment. Decisions regarding corrections are based on the reliability and significance of the information presented and are independent of the identity, institutional affiliation, or status of the person reporting the concern.

All post-publication corrections, clarifications, Expressions of Concern, and retractions will be documented appropriately and linked to the affected publication where technically possible. The journal seeks to ensure that readers are able to distinguish the current corrected record from the original version and understand the reason for any editorial action.

Through this Correction Policy, the journal is committed to correcting the scholarly record promptly, transparently, and responsibly while protecting the integrity of published research and maintaining the trust of authors, reviewers, readers, and the wider academic community.